CORE COURSES

COURSE MHG C 101: Transmission Genetics (3 + 1 Credits)

1	Introduction to Genetics	1
2	Mendelism	9
	2.1 Mendel and his experiments 2.2 Law of segregation 2.3 Law of independent assortment 2.4 Application of laws of probability (product rule, sum rule) 2.5 Chromosomal basis of segregation and independent assortment
3	Chi-square test and its application in analysis of genetic data	1
4	Extensions of Mendelism	9
	4.1 Allelic variation and gene function- Dominance relationships, basis of dominant and recessive mutations 4.2 Multiple allelism, allelic series 4.3 Testing gene mutations for allelism: complementation test, intragenic complementation 4.4 Visible, sterile and lethal mutations 4.5 Genotype to phenotype: effect of the environment on phenotype development- Penetrance and expressivity, phenocopy 4.6 Gene interactions and modifying genes 4.7 Pleiotropy
5	Sex-linked inheritance, Linkage and crossing over	10
	5.1 Genetic recombination and construction of genetic maps in Drosophila 5.2 Interference and coincidence 5.3 Cytological demonstration of crossing over in Drosophila 5.4 Mitotic recombination 5.5 Intragenic recombination
6	Inheritance of quantitative traits	6
	6.1 Continuous and discontinuous variation 6.2 Polygenic inheritance 6.3 Genetic variance, heritability (narrow sense and broad sense)
7	Cytoplasmic inheritance, maternal effects, inheritance due to parasites and symbionts	3

Recommended Books
1	Atherly et al	The Science of Genetics	Saunders	1999
2	Brooker	Genetics – Analysis and Principles	Benjamin/Cumings	1999
3	Fairbanks et al	Genetics	Wadsworth	1999
4	Gardner et al	Principles of Genetics	John Wiley	1991
5	Griffiths et al	Modern genetic Analysis	Freeman	2002
6	Griffiths et al	An Introduction to Genetic Analysis	Freeman	2004
7	Hartl and Jones	Genetics – Principles and Analysis	Jones & Bartlett	1998
8	Snustad et al	Principles of Genetics	Wiley and sons	1998
9	Strickberger	Genetics	Mcmillan	1985
10	Tamarin	Principles of Genetics	WCB	1996

COURSE MHG C 102: Basic Human Genetics (3 + 1 Credits)

1	History of Human Genetics	1
2	Pedigrees- gathering family history, pedigree symbols, construction of pedigrees, presentation of molecular genetic data in pedigrees	1
3	Monogenic traits	12
	3.1 Autosomal inheritance-dominant, recessive 3.2 Sex-linked inheritance 3.3 Sex-limited and sex-influenced traits 3.4 Mitochondrial inheritance 3.5 MIM number 3.6 Complications to the basic pedigree patterns- nonpenetrance, variable expressivity, pleiotropy, late onset, dominance problems, anticipation, genetic heterogeneity, genomic imprinting and uniparental disomy, spontaneous mutations, mosaicism and chimerism, male lethality, X-inactivation 3.7 Risk assessment; application of Bayes’ theorem 3.8 Allele frequency in population 3.9 Consanguinity and its effects
4	Complex traits	10
	4.1 Approaches to analysis of complex traits- ‘Nature vs nurture’, role of family and shared environment, monozygotic and dizygotic twins and adoption studies 4.2 Polygenic inheritance of continuous (quantitative) traits, normal growth charts, Dysmorphology 4.3 Polygenic inheritance of discontinuous (dichotomous) traits- threshold model, liability and recurrence risk 4.4 Genetic susceptibility in multifactorial disorders (alcoholism, diabetes mellitus, obesity) 4.5 Estimation of genetic components of multifactorial traits: empiric risk, heritability, coefficient of relationship
5	Human cytogenetics	10
	5.1 Techniques in human chromosome analysis (including molecular techniques) 5.2 Human karyotype: banding, nomenclature of banding 5.3 Pathology of human chromosomes 5.4 Nomenclature of aberrant karyotypes 5.5 Common syndromes due to numerical chromosome changes 5.6 Common syndromes due to structural alterations (translocations, duplications, deletions, microdeletion, fragile sites) 5.7 Common chromosome abnormalities in cancer 5.8 Genetics of fetal wastage
6	Pharmacogenetics and ecogenetics, teratogenetics	5

Recommended Books
1	Connor & Smith	Essentials of Medical Genetics	Blackwell	1993
2	Davies	Human Genetic Disease Analysis	IRL	1993
3	Emery and Mueller	Elements of Medical Genetics	ELBS	1992
4	Gersen & Keagle	The Principles of Clinical Cytogenetics	Humana	1999
5	Jorde et al	Medical Genetics	Elsevier	1998
6	Korf	Human Genetics	Blackwell	1996
7	Lewis	Human Genetics	WCB	1999
8	Mange and Mange	Basic Human Genetics	Sinauer Assoc	1999
9	Maroni	Molecular and Genetic Analysis of Human Traits	Blackwell	2001
10	Nussbaum et al	Genetics in Medicine	Saunders	2001
11	Pasternak	An Introduction to Molecular Human Genetics	Fritzgarald	2000
12	Prichard & Korf	Medical Genetics at a glance	Blackwell	2004
13	Strachan and Read	Human Molecular Genetics	Wiley	1999
14	Vogel and Motulsky	Human Genetics	Springer	1997

COURSE MHG C 103: Cell Biology (2.5 + 1 Credits)

1	Plasma Membrane: Fluid mosaic model, structure of membrane, transport across membrane and mechanisms of endocytosis and exocytosis	4
2	Endomembrane system	5
	2.1. General organization of protein transport within and outside the cell 2.2. Protein sorting and secretion 2.3. Mechanism of intracellular digestion
3	Cytoskeleton	4
	3.1. Microfilaments: Structural organization, cell motility and cell shape 3.2. Microtubule: Structural and functional organization, cilia, flagella, centriole 3.3. Intermediate filaments
4	Mitochondria	10
	4.1 Ultrastructure 4.2 Chemiosmotic theory and respiratory chain complexes
5	Structure and function of peroxisome	1
6	Structure and biosynthesis of ribosome	2
7	Cell cycle and its regulation	2
8	Cell-Cell Interaction	5
	8.1. Cell adhesion molecules 8.2. Cellular junctions 8.3. Extracellular matrix
9	Signal transduction	5
	9.1. Intracellular receptor and cell surface receptors 9.2. Signalling via G-protein linked receptors (PKA, PKC, CaM kinase) 9.3. Enzyme linked receptor signaling (Growth factor receptor signaling; JACK-STAT pathway) 9.4. Network and cross-talk between different signal mechanisms
10	Programmed cell death	1

Recommended Books
1	Alberts et al	Essential Cell Biology	Garland	1998
2	Alberts et al	Molecular Biology of the Cell	Garland	2002
3	Cooper	The Cell: A molecular Approach	ASM Press	2000
4	Gilbert	Developmental Biology	Saunders	2003
5	Jeremy et al	Biochemistry	Freeman	2002
6	Karp	Cell and Molecular Biology	John Wiley	2002
7	Lewin	Genes VIII	Pearson	2004
8	Lodish et al	Molecular Cell Biology	Freeman	2004
9	Pollard &Earnshaw	Cell Biology	Saunders	2002
10	Tobin and Morcel	Asking about Cells	Saunders	1997
11	Wilson & Hunt	The Cell: A Problems Approach	Garland	2002

COURSE MHG C 104: Molecular Genetics I (2.5 + 0.5 Credits)

1	Properties and evolution of genetic material, flow of genetic information		2
2	Organization of viral and bacterial genomes
3	Eukaryotic genome		5
	3.1 C-value paradox 3.2 Repetitive DNA 3.3 General concept of a gene 3.4 Gene families 3.5 Non-coding genes
4	Replication in bacterial and eukaryotic chromosomes		5
	4.1 DNA polymerases 4.2 Replicons, origin and termination 4.3 Replisome 4.4 Genes controlling replication
5	Transcription		5
	5.1 Prokaryotic RNA polymerase, sigma factors, initiation and termination 5.2 Eukaryotic RNA polymerases and their promoters 5.3 Processing of transcripts
6	Translation		2
	6.1 General mechanism 6.2 Role of rRNA in translation
7	Regulation of gene expression		11
	7.1. Regulation of transcription initiation
		7.1.1. Operon and regulon 7.1.2. Positive and negative regulation 7.1.3. Enhancers and promoters 7.1.4. Transcription factors: types, DNA binding motifs
	7.2. Regulation by attenuation and anti-termination
	7.3. Post transcriptional regulation
		7.3.1. Alternative splicing 7.3.2. Transport and targeting of RNA 7.3.3. Post-transcriptional gene silencing
	7.4. Translational control and targeting of proteins 7.5. Mechanism of steroid hormone and stress induced gene expressions

Recommended Books
1	Alberts et al	The Science of Genetics	Saunders	1999
2	Benjamin	Genetics: A Conceptual Approach	Freeman	2003
3	Berg and Singer	Genes and Genome		1998
4	Black	Microbiology: Principles and Explorations	Wiley	2002
5	Dale & Schartz	From genes to Genome	Wiley & Sons	2003
6	Griffiths et al	Modern Genetic Analysis	Freeman	2002
7	Griffiths et al	An Introduction to Genetic Analysis	Freeman	2004
8	Hartl et al	Essential Genetics	Wiley & Sons	2002
9	Klug & Cummings	Essentials of Genetics	Prentice Hall	2003
10	Latchman	Gene Regulation	Chapman & Hall	1995
11	Lewin	Genes VIII	Pearson	2004
12	Maloy and Freifelder	Microbial Genetics	Jones and Barlett	1994
13	Meesfeld	Applied Molecular Genetics	Wiley-Liss	1999
14	Ptashne	Genetic Switch	Blackwell	1986
15	Russell	Genetics	Benjamin	2002
16	Streips & Yasbin	Modern Microbial Genetics	Wiley	2002
17	Trun & Trempy	Fundamentals of Bacterial Genetics	Blackwell	2004
18	Watson et al	Molecular Biology of the Gene	Pearson	2004

COURSE MHG C 105: DNA Technology & Genetic Engineering I (2.5 + 1 Credits)

1	Enzymes used in DNA technology	4
	1.1 Restriction and modification enzymes 1.2 Other nucleases 1.3 Polymerases 1.4 Ligase, kinases and phosphatases
2	Nucleic acids	4
	2.1 Isolation and purification of DNA (genomic and plasmid) and RNA 2.2 Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids (denaturing and native) 2.3 Pulse-field gel electrophoresis of DNA
3	Cloning vectors	7
	3.1 Plasmids 3.2 Phages 3.3 Cosmids 3.4 Artificial chromosomes 3.5 Shuttle vectors 3.6 Expression vectors
4	Cloning techniques	5
	4.1 Construction of genomic and cDNA libraries 4.2 Positional cloning: RFLP mapping, chromosome walking and jumping
5	Screening and characterization of clones	12
	5.1 Preparation of probes 5.2 Restriction mapping 5.3 Principles of hybridizations and hybridization based techniques (colony, plaque, Southern, Northern and in situ hybridizations) 5.4 Expression based screening 5.5 Interaction based screening: yeast two-hybrid system

Recommended Books
1	Ausubel et al	Short Protocols in Molecular Biology	Wiley	2002
2	Brown	Essential Molecular Biology VI	AP	2000
3	Brown	Essential Molecular Biology VII	AP	2000
4	Brown	Gene Cloning - An Introduction	Stanley Thornes	1995
5	Glick and Pasternak	Molecular Biotechnology	ASM Press	1998
6	Kracher	Molecular Biology - A Practical Approach
7	Krenzer and Massey	Recombinant DNA and Biotechnology	ASM	2000
8	Micklos and Freyer	DNA Science	CSHL	1990
9	Primrose	Molecular Biotechnology	Panima	2001
10	Robertson et al	Manipulation & Expression of Recombinant DNA	AP	1997
11	Sambrook et al	Molecular Cloning	CSHL	2001
12	Twyman	Advanced Molecular Biology	Viva	1999
13	Watson et al	Recombinant DNA	Freeman	1992

COURSE MHG C 106: Biochemistry & Metabolic Disorders I (2 + 1 Credits)

1	Amino acids and peptides	6
	1.1. Essential and non-essential amino acids 1.2. Amino acids related disorders 1.3. Small peptides and their biomedical importance
2	Proteins	4
	2.1. Structure-conformation-function relationship (exemplified by Myoglobin, Hemoglobin, and Collagen) 2.2. Protein degradation
3	Enzymes	8
	3.1. General properties 3.2. Kinetics: derivation of Michaelis-Menten equation, L-B plot 3.3. Enzyme inhibition 3.4. Mechanism of action 3.5. Regulation of enzyme activity
4	Carbohydrates	8
	4.1. Mucopolysaccharides and related disorders 4.2. Glycolysis 4.3. Krebs cycle 4.4. Gluconeogenesis 4.5. Glycogenesis and glycogenolysis, 4.6. Disorders of glycogen metabolism

Recommended Books
1	Berg et al	Biochemistry	Freeman	2002
2	Bhagwan	Medical Biochemistry	AP	2004
3	Devlin	Biochemistry for the Molecular Sciences	Wiley	2002
4	Higgins et al	Biochemistry for the Molecular Sciences	Longman	1994
5	Murray et al	Harpers Illustrated Biochemistry	Prentice Hall	2003
6	Nelson et al	Lehninger’s Principles of Biochemistry	McMillan	2000
7	Voet & Voet	Biochemistry Vol. 1 and 2	Wiley	2004
8	Zubay et al	Principles of Biochemistry	WCB	1995

COURSE MHG C 107: Instrumentation (1.5 + 0.5 Credits)

1	Basic knowledge of principles and applications of the following microscopy techniques	10
	1.1. Light Microscopy 1.2. Dark-field Microscopy 1.3. Phase-contrast Microscopy 1.4. Fluorescence Microscopy 1.5. Confocal Microscopy 1.6. Electron Microscopy 1.7. Photography, Digital imaging and image Processing
2	Biochemical and biophysical techniques	10
	2.1. Centrifugation: types of rotors, clinical, highspeed and ultracentrifuges 2.2. Colorimetry and spectrophotometry: Beer-Lambert law; absorption spectrum, fluorescence spectrum, introduction to mass spectrometry 2.3. Chromatography: Paper, Thin layer chromatography; Columns: ion-exchange, gel-filteration, HPLC and affinity columns, electrophoresis 2.4. Tracer techniques: Properties and units of radioactivity; half-life; measurement of radioactivity by GM counter, liquid scintillation counter; autoradiography Radio-immunoassay; safety rules in handling of radioisotopes and hazardous chemicals

Recommended Books
1	Alberts et al	Essential Cell Biology	Garland	1998
2	Alberts et al	Molecular Biology of The Cell	Garland	2002
3	Boney	Cell Biology Level II	Macdonald & Evans	1982
4	Boyer	Modern Experimental Biochemistry	Benjamin	1993
5	Clark & Switzer	Experimental Biochemistry	Freeman	2000
6	Freifelder	Physical Biochemistry	Freeman	1987
7	Karp	Cell and Molecular Biology	John Wiley	2002
8	Locquin and Langeron	Handbook of Microscopy	Butterwaths	1983
9	Tobin and Morcel	Asking about Cells	Saunders	1997

COURSE MHG C 208: Cytogenetics (3 + 1 Credits)

1	Chromatin structure	4
	1.1. Histones, DNA 1.2. Nucleosome and higher level organisation
2	Chromosome organisation	8
	2.1. Metaphase chromosome: centromere and kinetochore, telomere and its maintenance; Holocentric chromosomes and supernumerary chromosomes 2.2. Chromosomal domains (matrix, loop domains) and their functional significance 2.3. Heterochromatin and euchromatin, position effect variegation, boundary elements 2.4. Chromosome bandings
3	Functional states of chromatin and alterations in chromatin organization	3
4	Structural and functional organization of interphase nucleus	2
5	Giant chromosomes	4
	5.1 Polytene chromosomes 5.2 Lampbrush chromosomes
6	Mitosis	3
	6.1. Mitotic spindle and arrangement of chromosomes on equator 6.2. Regulation of exit from metaphase 6.3. Chromosome movement at anaphase
7	Meiosis	5
	7.1 Overview of the process 7.2 Meiosis specific cellular changes 7.3 Genetic control of meiosis (example: yeast)
8	Chromosomal anomalies	5
	8.1 Numerical 8.2 Structural 8.3 Meiosis in inversion and translocation heterozygotes; breakage-fusion-bridge cycles 8.4 Induced chromosomal aberrations in somatic cells 8.5 Sister chromatid exchanges and somatic crossing over
9	Dosage compensation in Caenorhabditis, Drosophila and mammals	5

Recommended Books
1	Alberts et al	Essential Cell Biology	Garland	1998
2	Alberts et al	Molecular Biology of The Cell	Garland	2002
3	Bostoc and Sumner	The Eukaryotic Chromosome	Elsevier	1980
4	Hamsew and Flavell	The Chromosome	Bios	1993
5	Hawley & Walker	Advanced Genetic Analysis	Blackwell	2003
6	Hennig	Structure & Function of Eukaryotic Chromosomes	Springer	1987
7	Lewin	Genes VIII	Pearson	2004
8	Lodish et al	Molecular Cell Biology	Freeman